Lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, wanda aka rage shi azaman LN) crystal ne mai aiki da yawa da maƙasudi da yawa wanda yana haɗawa da kyau kwarai electro-optic, acousto-optic, na roba-optic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, photorefractive sakamako da sauran jiki Properties. LN crystal yana cikin tsarin kristal trigonal, tare da lokacin ferroelectric a zafin daki, 3m kungiyar maki, da R3c rukunin sararin samaniya. A cikin 1949, Matthias da Remeika sun haɗa LN crystal guda ɗaya, kuma a cikin 1965 Ballman ya sami nasarar haɓaka girman girman LN crystal.

In 1970s LN cAn fara amfani da rystals a cikin shirye-shiryen Q-switches na lantarki. Lu'ulu'u na LN suna da fa'idodi na babu ɓacin rai, ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin rabin-kalami, daidaitawa ta gefe, sauƙin yin na'urorin lantarki, dacewa da amfani da kiyayewa, da sauransu, amma suna da haɗari ga sauye-sauye na hoto kuma suna da ƙarancin lalacewar Laser. A lokaci guda, wahalar shirya babban ingancin lu'ulu'u yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Na dogon lokaci,LN crystals suna da kawai an yi amfani dashi a wasu ƙananan ko matsakaici ikon 1064 nm Laser tsarin.

Domin warware matsalar matsala ta mai daukar hoto tasiri, aiki mai yawas haku an yi. Domin LN crystal da aka saba amfani dashian inganta ta eutectic rabo na guda abun da ke ciki na m-ruwa jihar, tAnan akwai lahani irin su lithium vacances da anti-niobium a cikin crystal. Yana da sauƙi don daidaita kaddarorin crystal ta hanyar canza abun da ke ciki da doping. A shekarar 1980.shi’s gano cewa doping LN lu'ulu'u tare da abun ciki na magnesium fiye da 4.6 mol% karuwas da Juriya-lalacewar hoto ta tsari fiye da ɗaya na girma. An kuma samar da wasu lu'ulu'u na LN masu hana daukar hoto, irin su zinc-doped, scandium-doped, indium-doped, hafnium-doped, zirconium-doped., da dai sauransu. Domin doped LN yana da ƙarancin ingancin gani, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin photorefraction da Laser lalacewa shi ne rashin bincike, yana da ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba.

Don warwarewa matsalolin da ke faruwa a cikin haɓakar manyan diamita, lu'ulu'u na LN masu inganci masu inganci, masu bincike ɓullo da tsarin kula da kwamfuta a cikin 2004, wanda ya fi warware matsalar matsala mai tsanani a lokacin haɓakar girma mai girma. LN. Matsayin daidaitaccen kula da diamita ya inganta sosai, wanda ke shawo kan canjin kwatsam a cikin diamita da ke haifar da rashin kulawa da tsarin ci gaban crystal, kuma yana inganta haɓakar yanayin gani na crystal. Daidaitawar gani na 3 inch LN crystal ya fi 3 × 10 kyau^-5 cm^-1.

A shekarar 2010, mai bincikes bayar da shawarar cewa danniya a cikin LN crystal shine babban dalilin rashin kwanciyar hankali na zafin jiki na LN electro-Optical Q-switch. Akan kwamfutar- sarrafawa daidai diamita fasahar girma high na gani ingancin LN crystal, wani musamman zafi magani tsari da ake amfani da su rage saura na blank. A shekarar 2013,wani ya ba da shawarar cewa, a matsayin damuwa na ciki, damuwa na matsawa na waje yana da iri daya tasiri a tya daidaita yanayin zafin aikace-aikacen lantarki-optic Q-switching na LN crystal. Sun ci gaba an na roba taro fasahar shawo kan waje danniya matsala lalacewa ta hanyar gargajiya m clamping, da wannan dabara An haɓaka kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin jerin 1064 nm na lasers.

A lokaci guda, saboda LN crystal yana da fadi Band watsa haske da kuma babban tasiri mai tasiri na lantarki, ana iya amfani dashi a cikin tsarin laser na infrared na tsakiya, kamar 2 μm kuma 2.28m ku.

Na dogon lokaci, kodayake aiki mai yawas haku An gudanar da shi akan lu'ulu'u na LN, har yanzu akwai ƙarancin bincike na tsari akan LN’s infrared photorefractive Properties, na ciki Laser lalacewa bakin kofa, da kuma tasiri tsarin doping a kan lalacewar kofa. Aikace-aikace na electro-Optical Q-switchingFarashin LN ya kawo rudani da yawa. A lokaci guda, abun da ke ciki na lu'ulu'u na LN yana da rikitarwa, kuma nau'ikan da yawa na lahani suna da yawa, yana haifar da daban-daban.ce samar da tanderu daban-daban, batches daban-daban, har ma da sassa daban-daban na iri ɗaya yanki na crystal. Ana iya samun manyan bambance-bambance a cikin ingancin lu'ulu'u. Yana da wahala a sarrafa daidaiton aiki na na'urorin lantarki-Optic Q-switched, wanda kuma ya hana aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki Q-switching na LN lu'ulu'u zuwa wani matsayi.

Tantanin halitta mai inganci na LN Pockels wanda WISOPTIC yayi